cemre solmaz bir dilek

PDF Analysis of the Pre-colonial, Colonial, and Post-Colonial Bureaucracy .. It was traditional in the sense that the British, who colonized Uganda, under the policy of indirect rule, maintained the traditional chiefs as civil servants under the 1900 Buganda agreement, (Mamdani, 1999). who introduced indirect rule in uganda. How Indirect Rule Was Applied in Uganda and Kenya - Geography Point

In Kenya most white settlers were used to administer on behalf of the British. The missionaries too, were used to implement indirect rul e. The colonial army and police were recruited from among the Africans to handle rebellious communities. The local councils were put in place in other areas and the Buganda system of rule was introduced to .. Indirect Rule, Civil Society, and Ethnicity: The African Dilemma - JSTOR who introduced indirect rule in uganda. Mahmood Mamdani THIS ARTICLE SEEKS TO PRESENT AN INTERPRETATION OF POST-INDEPENDENCE African politics who introduced indirect rule in uganda. My central argument is that Saharan African countries face a threefold challenge in the post-independence period: decolonizing the state, deracializing civil society, and restructuring unequal external relations of dependency.. Indirect rule - Wikipedia. The ideological underpinnings, as well as the practical application, of indirect rule in Uganda and Nigeria is usually traced to the work of Frederick Lugard, the High Commissioner of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria from 1899 to 1906.. Indirect Rule, Africa | Encyclopedia.com who introduced indirect rule in uganda

lomba 10 lobang hk

. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps Indirect Rule, Africa Indirect Rule, Africa views 2,013,867 updated Indirect Rule, Africa Although the historiography of indirect rule in Africa is abundant, the subject is still generally misunderstood, misunderstood in its origins, meaning, operation, and significance. who introduced indirect rule in uganda. Ugandas Most Controversial Problem? Land Reform. - Foreign Policy. They governed Uganda through a system of indirect rule, where kingdoms retained a limited degree of autonomy over internal affairs and administrators from Buganda helped subjugate other regions . who introduced indirect rule in uganda. Protectorate of Uganda - Wikipedia. On 19 April 1893, the British government and the chiefs of Uganda signed a treaty giving effect to this plan. [2] On 18 June 1894, the British government declared that Uganda would come under British protection as a Protectorate

kush hap dyer shkollash mbyll dyer burgjesh

. 1894-1901. Federalism in Uganda - Jstor. FEDERALISM IN UGANDA The federation in Uganda is an outcome of British colonial administration. When the transfer of power took place, traditional institutions of kindgoms and chiefdoms who introduced indirect rule in uganda. Buganda, the pattern of indirect rule was completely changed by introducing the institution of appointed traditional local chiefs, by grouping together . who introduced indirect rule in uganda. PDF Lecture 17 - Leadership & Culture: Indirect Rule. had introduced indirect rule to Tanganyika and held similar beliefs to those of Lugard, was shocked by the situation in Northern Nigeria, where he felt the emirates were fast developing into Indian-style native states. of Uganda, their prestige had in fact gone up, but this has certainly not been true in the former French territories .. Indirect rule | government policy | Britannica. Other articles where indirect rule is discussed: western Africa: Initial difficulty of European administration: …more and more in "indirect rule." British authority was not to reach directly down to each individual African subject. While the British retained overall control of a colonys administration, it was to be made effective at the district level by cultivating and by molding the . who introduced indirect rule in uganda. Indirect Rule: French and British Style - JSTOR. INDIRECT RULE-FRENCH AND BRITISH STYLE MICHAEL CROWDER TN his witty and thought-provoking Lugard Memorial Lecture, Lord Lugard? (Africa, xxxiii. 4, 1963), Gouverneur Deschamps has with an excellent general appraisal of the relative achievements and and British native administration in Africa who introduced indirect rule in uganda. But he does not do full. British Colonialism and The Indirect Rule: a Hierarchical .. Lugards vision o f indirect rule can be traced back to Buganda (no w Uganda), where the so-called Ganda Mod el played a prominent role in structuring the colonial ad ministration.. Indirect Rule - Kawa. Indirect rule as opposed to direct rule is a method of colonial administration typical of the British which has been defined according to James Coleman as a system of local administration in which the essential features were the preservation of traditional political institutional structures under the supervision or direction of the British .. Beyond Local Government Reforms: A Case Study of Toro and Kigezi .. The Toro model of indirect rule however was static in its approach to native identity in which only one ethnicity, the Batoro, was recognized while that of Kigezi was flexible in as far as it recognized the multi-ethnic identity. members of the Legislative Council who represented Buganda was to be introduced in 1961 if such had not been .. Colonial Era | Uganda Info. The colonial administrators introduced coffee and cotton as cash crops and adopted a policy of indirect rule, giving the traditional kingdoms considerable autonomy, but favouring the recruitment of Buganda tribespeople for the civil service. who introduced indirect rule in uganda

dissertation décolonisation

. British divide and rule policy in Uganda - The Observer. Britain opted for indirect rule policy which they applied in Uganda using Buganda as their base. First, the entity called Uganda today is a British creation, with the name itself derived from "Buganda", a kingdom that had existed for about five centuries before the coming of the colonialists. who introduced indirect rule in uganda. Sir Philip Mitchell and Protected Rule in Buganda

κινο τι κερδιζει

. 4 Indeed Mitchell doubted, largely on this account, whether the term indirect rule could properly be used in respect of native administration in a large part of Uganda, since he felt that here the system of administration was virtually direct who introduced indirect rule in uganda. Mitchell, P who introduced indirect rule in uganda. E., Native Administration, Government Printer, Entebbe, 1939.Google Scholar who introduced indirect rule in uganda. PDF Indirect Rule and State Weakness in Africa: Sierra Leone in Comparative . who introduced indirect rule in uganda. the central state was captured by new movements after 1967, indirect rule mutated into a generalized form of incumbency bias. The state that indirect rule created was weak in several well de-ned ways. First, indirect rule by traditional (and gerontocratic) rulers has made it di¢ cult for the state to establish a. Characteristics of Colonial administration - KAWA. When Lugard came to Uganda, he introduced Indirect rule whereby he used the local chiefs to administer on behalf of the British government. They made the local chiefs to govern using their new system of administration and laws. Unlike the traditional system, colonial laws were written down and also gave punishments to whoever broke them. .. What Was Indirect Rule in Tanganyika? - Geography Point. The British government replaced IBEACo in Uganda in 1894 and they introduced indirect rule

beejav

. The indirect system of rule was also introduced in Kenya in 1895 who introduced indirect rule in uganda. It was introduced by Fredrick Lugard. It involved the use of local leaders who introduced indirect rule in uganda. The traditional chiefs were used to rule their fellow Africans.. Why did the British apply indirect rule in Uganda? - Kenyaplex. Why did the British apply indirect rule in Uganda? Answers 1.Lack of enough British personnel to execute colonial duties e.g who introduced indirect rule in uganda. by May 1900 the British government had approved only 42 officials thus the need to use Africans.. Indirect rule in Uganda - cameroongcerevision.com. Posted on March 8, 2020March 9, 2020 by gun kev Indirect rule in Uganda, Indirect rule was a system of governance the British and French used to control parts of their colonial empires. These colonies were particularly in Africa and Asia.. What was Indirect Rule? - General History. The Uganda Agreement (sic) of 1900 clarified that Bugandans were to be governed by hereditary rulers. These made laws in accordance with the British Governor. Indirect rule, as developed in Northern Nigeria was a practical means of administering a huge territory, with only limited manpower and cash.. Why the British Applied Indirect Rule in East Africa - Geography Point. The British first used it in their outside colonies of India, Nigeria and Ghana and it was successful. It had worked well in Buganda; hence the British felt the need to use it throughout who introduced indirect rule in uganda. It was to act as a form of "reward" to the communities that had co-operated, for example Buganda. The British believed that traditional leaders would .. Indirect Rule - Oxford Reference. Search for: indirect Rule in Oxford Reference ». Britains method of administering many of its colonies. It was first developed during the nineteenth century in India, where two‐thirds of the country was ruled by native princes. Its most notable proponent was Frederick Lugard, who developed indirect rule in Nigeria during 1912-19, and .. Summarizing Indirect Rule in Nigeria | West-African Colonial Administration. The system of indirect rule was first introduced in the Northern Nigeria around 1906 by Sir Lord Fredrick Lugard when he was a high commissioner of the protectorate of the Northern Nigeria who introduced indirect rule in uganda. The system was a huge success in the Northern Nigeria mainly because of the highly developed traditional system of administration of the area.. Decolonizing Health Governance: A Uganda Case Study on the Influence of . who introduced indirect rule in uganda. The missionary hospitals and schools introduced during colonial rule continue to account for almost 20% of Ugandas health and education systems. The values that guide these systems, instituted through colonial rule, disregard current scientific knowledge and human rights and represent key challenges to the delivery of empowering and .. Indirect Rule | Tanzania: A Political Economy | Oxford Academic. From the viewpoint of British Indirect Rule policy, the maintenance in power of the largely ineffective bakama [the ruling clan of the Haya, the tribe on the west of Lake Victoria] could only be regarded as a sham who introduced indirect rule in uganda. … For the Haya themselves, the only channels of political expression still open were intrigue within an increasingly irrelevant Native Authority structure, or accommodation to an .. British Administrators, Colonial Chiefs, and the Comfort of Tradition .. This paper attempts to explain the manner in which British colonial officials perceived the bases of authority of their subordinate African officials, whom they called chiefs, during the years of colonial rule in Uganda.. British Administrators, Colonial Chiefs, and the Comfort of Tradition .. This paper attempts to explain the manner in which British colonial officials perceived the bases of authority of their subordinate African officials, whom they called chiefs, during the years of colonial rule in Uganda.. Why did Britain adopt Indirect Rule? - cameroongcerevision.com. In West Africa, Lord Lugard the High Commissioner of Northern Nigeria Protectorate introduced indirect rule firstly in Northern Nigeria. Lugard had witnesses the system of indirect rule in India and Uganda since he served as a colonial officer. In India, the British allowed large part of the country to be ruled by India Princes and in Uganda.. 7 Major Reasons Britain Adopted Indirect Rule in British West Africa who introduced indirect rule in uganda. Indirect Rule was first introduced into Northern Nigeria by Lord Frederick Lugard. Lord Lugard who introduced indirect rule in Northern Nigeria had a successful similar experience in Uganda. Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles was also successful in Malaya and Singapore who introduced indirect rule in uganda. The British were therefore convinced it was the best system to adopt.. PDF Colonial Administration - Atika School who introduced indirect rule in uganda. Indirect Rule ⮚It was a method of administration using local African rulers e.g. chiefs but under the supervision of the white colonial administrators. ⮚It was Advanced by a British colonial agent Frederick Lugard ⮚It was First applied in India, then Uganda, Nigeria and Kenya who introduced indirect rule in uganda. Western Africa - Colonialism, Administration, Challenges. In the Gold Coast indirect rule proved more acceptable to the Asante than the direct rule imposed after the conquest of 1900-01. Farther south, however, the Western-style economy and modes of thought had made such inroads that there were endless problems in the implementation of indirect rule, and the full constitutional apparatus for it was . who introduced indirect rule in uganda. A History of Indirect Rule in Nigeria - HistoryVille. HistoryVille. -. April 26, 2021 who introduced indirect rule in uganda. 34811. 1. Indirect Rule was a system of governance that was predominantly used by Britain to govern pre-existing power structures in colonial Africa who introduced indirect rule in uganda. The French used Direct Rule. In this article, we shall know what indirect rule is. How and why the British used indirect rule to govern Nigeria.. Chapter Eight: Colonial Administration in Africa - Kawa. Therefore in theory. Association policy was similar to the British indirect rule system and probably explains the existence of local government systems in the rest of French Africa different from the commune system in Senegal. Direct rule who introduced indirect rule in uganda. This was the administrative policy that was mainly employed by Germans, Belgians and Portuguese. who introduced indirect rule in uganda

boy karşılaştırma sitesi

. HISTORY O LEVEL(FORM THREE) NOTES - EcoleBooks. Indirect rule was the form of administrative system applied by the British where by Africans were ruled indirectly through local rulers support. It was applied in Uganda, Nigeria etc. ASSIMILATION POLICY who introduced indirect rule in uganda. This was the French administrative system applied in her colonies which turned Africans to be like French citizens.. Colonial judges, administrative officers and the Bushe commission in . who introduced indirect rule in uganda. of indirect rule, which was the prevailing administrative policy during the period. introduced it in Uganda many years before who introduced indirect rule in uganda. 27 With regard to legal matters, Cameron . stated, in 1926, that.. Government: Indirect Rule - Fatherprada. Indirect rule was first introduced in Nigeria by Sir, Lord Frederick Luggard who described the system as a child of necessity. Lord Luggard is also referred to as the father of indirect rule. In countries like Indian and Uganda, the system worked effectively who introduced indirect rule in uganda. Luggard felt it could work in Nigeria.. PDF Lecture 17 - Leadership & Culture: Indirect Rule. had introduced indirect rule to Tanganyika and held similar beliefs to those of Lugard, was shocked by the situation in Northern Nigeria, where he felt the emirates were fast developing into Indian-style native states

gebelikte nişan sarı renk olur mu

. of Uganda, their prestige had in fact gone up, but this has certainly not been true in the former French territories .. Constitutional History Notes Part I.doc - UGANDA CHRISTIAN.

UGANDA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY NOTES LECTURER BRIAN KALENGE, FACULTY OF LAW 1 Nature of the. AI Homework Help. Expert Help. It introduced indirect rule as a policy of colonial administration as it established and confirmed British over rule over Buganda with the Kabaka as the political ruler although in fact relegated to .. Colonial Administration - Lesson Note on Government - Seyi Dipo. After the amalgamation, in 1914, Lugard introduced indirect rule in the southern part as well who introduced indirect rule in uganda. REASONS FOR ADOPTING INDIRECT RULE; From experience of Frederick Lugard, the system had been successful in other colonies such as India, Uganda, etc. so it should be successful in West Africa as well.. What type of rule did the British use in Uganda? - Profound-tips. Which British official introduced indirect rule in Uganda? The ideological underpinnings, as well as the practical application, of indirect rule in Uganda and Nigeria is usually traced to the work of Frederick Lugard, the High Commissioner of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria from 1899 to 1906.. Why Indirect rule was adopted by the British - Virtual Kollage. By the time Lord Luggard was introducing the system of indirect rule in Northern Nigeria, the system had already been successfully practiced in India and Uganda. The experiences gathered in India and Uganda convinced Lord Luggard that Indirect Rule could thrive in West Africa.. Indirect rule system? - Answers. The opposite of indirect rule is direct rule.Indirect rule is a system of government of one nation by another, though the governed people are allowed to retain certain administrative, legal, and . who introduced indirect rule in uganda. Ghana: What were the aims of British Indirect Rule?. | Sutori. The British used a method called Indirect rule in African colonies as a way of giving traditional African leaders new titles as colonial administrators. As Britain took control of the Gold Coast they dominated trade, introduced new techniques, grew new crops, and demand control of other areas. The Ghana people were treated badly by the British.. Why did the British apply indirect rule? - Short-Fact. Lack of Roads: The British could not easily reach most parts of its colonies because the colonies were vast with bad roads and lack of the means of communication

稲葉浩志 息子

. Hence local rulers were empowered to rule for them. Therefore the British used indirect rule in order to pass government policies to the people.

Government Lesson Note SS1 Second Term - Edudelight.com. Indirect rule is a system adopted by the British to rule her colonies with use of local chiefs or other appointed intermediaries and traditional laws and customs with British officials merely supervising the administration. Sir Lord Lugard introduced indirect rule to Nigeria following its success in India and Uganda. FEATURES OF INDIRECT RULE. British West Africa | Colonization, Decolonization & Impact who introduced indirect rule in uganda. The British policy of indirect rule was most clearly formulated by Frederick J.D. Lugard in Nigeria

arina hashimoto jav bio

. In the early 1900s, long after Britain annexed Lagos as a crown colony (1861), Lugard conquered the north. Sir Gordon Guggisberg, who served as governor from 1919 to 1929, introduced indirect rule by restoring the Asante king to his title.. Why the indirect rule was implemented? - Wise-Answers. What was the policy of indirect rule in Uganda? The Uganda Agreement (sic) of 1900 clarified that Bugandans were to be governed by hereditary rulers. There was the Influence of Lord Lugard: He introduced Indirect Rule in Northern Nigeria because it had succeeded in India and Uganda where he had worked as a colonial administrator. Post . who introduced indirect rule in uganda. HISTORY: FORM THREE: Topic 2 - MSOMI BORA. British indirect rule adopted in many African countries after being succeed to implement in the Northern Nigeria in the 1900-1906 and the whole Nigeria between 1912-1920 by British governor known as LORD LUGARD. Therefore indirect rule was first introduced by the British governor Lord Lugard in Nigeria in 1912-1920.. COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION - History Form 3 Notes - Easy Elimu. The Emirs were allowed to try cases in their own Muslim courts.The Emirs were mandated to maintain law and order. They possessed firearms. In 1914, Northern and Southern Nigeria were brought under one system of administration. However Lugard found it hard to apply indirect rule in Southern Nigeria. who introduced indirect rule in uganda. Colonialism and colonial administrative system in Africa who introduced indirect rule in uganda. The challenges/difficulties sir Donald Cameroon faced when he introduced Indirect Rule in Tanganyika 1. Absence of traditional administrative system. Germany removed all local rulers administration during their rule in Tanganyika, so it was difficult for Sir Donald Cameroon to introduce them again. Uganda and Malawi in 1902-1904 was . who introduced indirect rule in uganda. Eastern Africa, 1900 A.D.-present | Chronology | Heilbrunn Timeline of .. "By the late nineteenth century, Britain, Germany, and Portugal end Arabic control of the Sudan, Swahili Coast, and East African interior. The Horn of Africa similarly falls under European rule when Italy invades the Kingdom of Ethiopia in 1935. Traditional forms of art created for ritual and utilitarian purposes, including masks and figures, as well as personal items such as snuff .. How Africans Shaped British Colonial Institutions: Evidence from Local .. The institutions that governed most of the rural population in British colonial Africa have been neglected in the literature on colonialism. We use new data on local governments, or "Native Authorities," to present the first quantitative comparison of African institutions under indirect rule in four colonies in 1948: Nigeria, the Gold Coast, Nyasaland, and Kenya. who introduced indirect rule in uganda. The Dynamics of Colonial violence : The Inductive System in Uganda .. This article examines the nature and effects of colonial rule implantation at the local level, with specific reference to the case of Colonial Uganda. The general hypothesis is that any agent of change alien to those people whose way of life this agent is to change radically, will use violence as a main means to bring about the change.. Uganda Christian University: Constitutional History Notes. ii) It introduced indirect rule as a policy of colonial administration as it established and confirmed British over rule over Buganda with the Kabaka as the political ruler although in fact relegated to a status of a puppet. iii) It tended to give Buganda a privileged status in comparison to the other parts of the protectorate.. Decentralisation and Local Development in Uganda. Download. August 19, 2014. Decentralisation and Local Development in Uganda is the first publication of the Ministry of Local Government outlining the key milestones and achievements since 1992 when the Decentralisation policy was launched. The Decentralisation policy was introduced in the country more than 20 years ago with the main objective .. Englands Indirect Rule in Its African Colonies | AHA. Englands Indirect Rule in Its African Colonies who introduced indirect rule in uganda. For much of the 19th century, Europeans occupied footholds in African port cities and relied on African middlemen and trade networks to bring trade goods and raw materials to the coast. Before the 19th century the most valuable elements of this trade had included slaves.. PDF International African Institute - Middlebury College. to 1935, who had introduced indirect rule to Tanganyika and held similar beliefs to those of Lugard, was shocked by the situation in Northern Nigeria, where he felt the emirates were fast developing into Indian-style native states. Rule, when Governor of Uganda, in the Uganda authority. Journal, iv, no. I, July 1936, .. 9 who introduced indirect rule in uganda. Why Did the British Apply Indirect Rule in Either Nigeria or Uganda? who introduced indirect rule in uganda. 7

The British intention was purely to exploit colonies rather than invest in them through paying expensive administrators. 8 who introduced indirect rule in uganda. It is also argued that the British wanted to train Africans and equip them with skills of leadership for eventual serf rule. 9. Indirect rule was seen a solution to the problem of language barrier who introduced indirect rule in uganda. 10.. Frederick Lugard | British Colonial Administrator & Imperialist. Frederick Lugard, (born January 22, 1858, Fort St. George, Madras, India—died April 11, 1945, Abinger, Surrey, England), administrator who played a major part in Britains colonial history between 1888 and 1945, serving in East Africa, West Africa, and Hong Kong.His name is especially associated with Nigeria, where he served as high commissioner (1900-06) and governor and governor .. COLONIAL POLICIES AND ADMINISTRATIONS IN AFRICA: M who introduced indirect rule in uganda. Semakula . - JSTOR. also examine policies regarding "native chiefs," direct and indirect rule, and the policies of assimilation. We shall further examine the educational policies, the constitutional practices, and the highly publicized methods of training and . Uganda alone, where we have already mentioned the cases of Mwanga and Kaba-rega, Prince Mbogo, the .. Features of Indirect Rule | West-African Colonial Administration. One of the features of Indirect Rule was the position of a Governor. He was the highest political figure in the colony. He was responsible for the formulation and implementation of policies in the colony. 2. Regional Commissioners. The colony was divided into regions for ease of administration and each region was headed by a Regional Commissioner.. PDF AFRICA - Cambridge University Press & Assessment. 1 Se e Sir Philip Mitchell s articl o n Indirect th peopl concerned look upo a natural Rule , when Governor of Uganda Uganda, in th authority.e Journal, iv, no. 1, July 1936, where 2 he say Se Pes. C tha. Lloydt s article Kings, Chief and Local indirect rule is founded on the assumption that Government, West Africa, Saturday, 31 January. Indirect Rule System in Nigeria - Term Paper - TermPaperWarehouse.com. The indirect rule system helped to put a stop to some evil practices in some parts of the country. E.g

. in the Eastern Nigeria, giving birth to twins were seen as an abomination. Also, human sacrifices were stopped. 6. Traditional institutions, native courts, etc were developed, making it more effective and durable. 7.. Colonial Administration - Knec Study Materials, Revision Kits and Past .. Indirect rule was a single Government system in which the native chiefs had clearly defined duties and an acknowledged status equal with British officials. Trace the origin of indirect rule in Africa. (Explain the development of Indirect Rule in Africa. Or: Explain how Indirect Rule started/was introduced in Africa.) who introduced indirect rule in uganda. Historical Evolution of Land Law in Uganda Lecture Notes by who introduced indirect rule in uganda. - Scribd who introduced indirect rule in uganda

When the British colonised Uganda and made it part of its Protectorate between1894-1962 and introduced several British laws to the Protectorate including in the field of land management who introduced indirect rule in uganda. The British introduced indirect rule as opposed to direct rule since Uganda was a Protectorate under the British East African Company.. US to remove Uganda and three other African countries from Agoa . - BBC. The US introduced the African Growth and Opportunity Act (Agoa) in 2000 who introduced indirect rule in uganda. It gives eligible sub-Saharan African countries duty-free access to the US for more than 1,800 products.. British Colonialism and The Indirect Rule: a Hierarchical .. Purpose: This paper intends to focus on elaborating on British colonialism and the types of indirect rule. The main purpose of the paper is to dig deep into the matter of how the British controlled the tribal societies and how far they were successful in controlling the tribal people. Indirect rule was designed to serve the interests of the British, whereas the tribes were left independent to .. British Colonial Policy - ClassNotes.ng. Merits and Demerits of Indirect rule. An indirect rule may be defined as a British system of ruling her colonies with the use of local chiefs and other intermediaries and traditional laws and customs with British officials merely supervising the administration. Indirect rule was first introduced in Nigeria by Sir, Lord Frederick Luggard who .. Continuity or Change? New Evidence on (In)Direct Rule in British and .. The Warrant Chiefs: Indirect Rule in Southeastern Nigeria 1891-1929. London: Longman. Iyer, Lakshmi (2010) who introduced indirect rule in uganda. "Direct vs who introduced indirect rule in uganda. Indirect Colonial Rule in India: Long-Term Consequences." Review of Economics and Statistics 92(4): 693-713. Mamdani, Mahmood (1996). Citizen and Subject. Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton .. Colonial administrative systems | PDF - SlideShare. THE EFFECT /IMPACT OF INDIRECT RULE TO TANGANYIKA AND BRITISH AFRICAN COLONIES who introduced indirect rule in uganda. Exploitation of African resources:- Indirect rule was introduced by the British for the purpose of exploiting African resources easily through local rulers support such as land, labours and minerals

Indirect rule promoted [boosted] tribalism. Uganda and Malawi ..